Detailed Description

ELEMENT DATA used as a pointer in the SnowStation structure NOTE on M below: this is the mass of an element that is neither changed by phase changes nor densification.
It is set in the data initialization and used to compute the stress field. It can ONLY be changed by the WATER TRANSPORT or SURFACE SUBLIMATION or WIND TRANSPORT routines.

#include <DataClasses.h>

Public Types
enum	Young_Modulus { Sigrist , Pow , Exp }
	This enum provides names for possible Young's modulus calculations. More...

Public Member Functions
	ElementData (const unsigned short int &in_ID)

	ElementData (const ElementData &cc)

ElementData &	operator= (const ElementData &)=default
	Assignement operator. More...

bool	checkVolContent ()
	Check volumetric content. More...

void	heatCapacity ()
	Computes heat capacity of an element based on volumetric contents. More...

double	coldContent () const
	Computes cold content of an element, taking meltfreeze_tk as reference. More...

void	updDensity ()
	Updates element density. More...

double	extinction () const
	Density dependent extinction coefficient -> Michi's magic trick... out of his magic hat. More...

void	opticalEquivalentGrainSize ()
	Opical equivalent grain size CROCUS implementation as described in Vionnet et al., 2012. The detailed snowpack scheme Crocus and its implementation in SURFEX v7.2, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 773-791, 10.5194/gmd-5-773-2012. (see section 3.6) More...

void	snowResidualWaterContent ()

double	soilFieldCapacity () const
	Field Capacity Soil is dependent on grain properties. This nice formulation is based on some tedious curve fitting by Martina Luetschg. The data stems from Scheffer und Schachtschabel (Richtwerte Baugrund), which once more proves that "nomen est omen". If my name was "Schachtschabel", I would never ever be dealing with wet soils and Baugrund. For the USDA soil classes used if Richards equation is used, the field capacity is obtained using the Saxton formula (K.E. Saxton et al., 1986, Estimating generalized soil-water characteristics from texture. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 50(4):1031-1036) and defined in the VG class. More...

double	soilRelativeHumidity () const
	soilRelativeHumidity More...

double	snowElasticity () const
	SNOW ELASTICITY : This important routine was programmed by Marc Christen, who took it directly from Mellor's famous 1975 paper on SNOW MECHANICS in the GRINDLEWALD symposium. Dimensions are in [Pa]. (Presently, it is NOT temperature dependent.) More...

double	neckStressEnhancement () const
	Computes the enhancement of hydrostatically applied stress (overburden) in the necks (or bonds) More...

double	concaveNeckRadius () const
	A non-generic function to compute the concave neck radius (mm). It is assumed that the neck is bound by a sphere fitting between the two grains side by side such as the sphere goes to RB from the axis (this is a quick and dirty approximation) More...

double	neckLength () const
	Computes the neck (or bond) length (mm) More...

double	neck2VolumetricStrain () const
	Relates the neck strain to the global volumetric strain. More...

void	snowType ()

unsigned short int	getSnowType () const
	Determine the type of snow First revisited by Fierz and Bellaire 2006 and 2007 TODO needs to be adapted to international classification. More...

const std::string	toString () const

Static Public Member Functions
static double	snowResidualWaterContent (const double &theta_i)
	Estimate the residual water content RWC by Vol From work by Coleou and Lesaffre, 1998, Ann. Glaciol., 26, 64-68. Experimental range: More...

static unsigned short int	snowType (const double &dendricity, const double &sphericity, const double &grain_dia, const unsigned short int &marker, const double &theta_w, const double &res_wat_cont_loc)

static double	getYoungModule (const double &rho_slab, const Young_Modulus &model)

Public Attributes
mio::Date	depositionDate
	Date of deposition. More...

double	L0

double	L
	Original and present element thickness (m) More...

double	Te
	mean element temperature (K) More...

double	gradT
	temperature gradient over element (K m-1) More...

double	meltfreeze_tk
	melt/freeze temperature of layer (principally initialized as 0 degC, but enables possibility for freezing point depression) More...

std::vector< double >	theta
	volumetric contents: SOIL, ICE, WATER, WATER_PREF, AIR (1) More...

double	h
	capillary pressure head (m) More...

mio::Array2D< double >	conc
	Concentration for chemical constituents in (kg m-3) More...

std::vector< double >	k
	For example, heat conductivity of TEMPERATURE field (W m-1 K-1) More...

std::vector< double >	c
	For example, specific heat of TEMPERATURE field (J kg-1 K-1) More...

std::vector< double >	soil
	Contains the heat conductivity, capacity and dry density of the soil (solid, non-ice) component phase. More...

double	Rho
	mean element density (or BULK density; kg m-3), that is, rho=M/V=sum( theta(i)*rho(i) ) More...

double	M
	the total mass of the element (kg m-2) More...

double	sw_abs
	total absorbed shortwave radiation by the element (W m-2) More...

double	rg
	grain radius (mm) More...

double	dd
	snow dendricity: 0 = none, 1 = newsnow More...

double	sp
	sphericity: 1 = round, 0 = angular More...

double	ogs
	optical equivalent grain size (mm) More...

double	rb
	grain bond radius (mm) More...

double	N3
	grain Coordination number (1) More...

size_t	mk
	grain marker (history dependent) More...

unsigned short int	type
	grain class More...

double	metamo
	keep track of metamorphism More...

double	salinity
	bulk salinity (PSU, which is g/kg) More...

double	dth_w
	Subsurface Melting & Freezing Data: change of water content. More...

double	res_wat_cont
	Residual water content. More...

double	Qmf
	Subsurface Melting & Freezing Data: change of energy due to phase changes (melt-freeze) More...

double	QIntmf
	Apparent change in internal energy due to phase change (caused by difference in heat capacity of water and ice) More...

double	dEps

double	Eps

double	Eps_e

double	Eps_v
	Total element strain (GREEN'S strains – TOTAL LAGRANGIAN FORMULATION): Eps_e is elastic and Eps_v is viscous. More...

double	Eps_Dot

double	Eps_vDot
	Total Strain Rate, elastic and viscous, respectively (s-1) (Simply, Eps/sn_dt) More...

double	E
	Young's modulus of elasticity (Pa) More...

double	S
	Total Element Stress (Pa), S being the energy conjugate stress. More...

double	C
	Total Element Stress (Pa), C being the real or the Cauchy stress, which is output. More...

double	CDot
	Stress rate (Pa s-1), that is the overload change rate. More...

double	ps2rb
	proportion of grain bond growth due to pressure sintering (1) More...

double	s_strength
	Parameterized snow shear strength (kPa) More...

double	hard
	Parameterized hand hardness (1) More...

double	S_dr
	Stability Index based on deformation rate (Direct Action Avalanching) More...

double	crit_cut_length
	Critical cut length (m) More...

vanGenuchten	VG
	Van Genuchten Model for water retention. More...

double	lwc_source
	Source/sink term for Richards equation (m^3/m^3 / timestep) More...

double	PrefFlowArea
	Preferential flow path relative area (-) More...

double	theta_w_transfer
	Volumetric content of water transferred from preferential flow to matrix domain (1) More...

double	theta_i_reservoir
	Volumetric ice content in ice reservoir (1) More...

double	theta_i_reservoir_cumul
	Volumetric ice content in cumulated ice reservoir (1) More...

double	SlopeParFlux
	Slope parallel flux (m^3/m^3 * m / timestep) More...

double	Qph_up
	Heat source/sink due to phase changes for the heat equation (W/m^3), at the upper node of the element. More...

double	Qph_down
	Heat source/sink due to phase changes for the heat equation (W/m^3), at the lower node of the element. More...

double	dsm
	Dry snow metamorphism factor. More...

double	rime
	Rime index. More...

unsigned short int	ID
	Element ID used to track elements. More...

double	rhov
	vapor density...(kg/m^3) More...

double	Qmm
	Heat source/sink due to phase changes in the case of vapor transport (W/m^3) More...

double	vapTrans_fluxDiff
	vapor dissusion flux in the case of vapor transport (W/m^2/s) More...

double	vapTrans_snowDenChangeRate
	snow density change rate in the case of vapor transport (kg/m^3/s) More...

double	vapTrans_cumulativeDenChange
	cumulative density change in the case of vapor transport (kg/m^3) More...

double	vapTrans_underSaturationDegree
	the degree of undersaturation, (rhov-rohv_sat)/rhov_sat (-) More...

Static Public Attributes
static const unsigned short int	noID = static_cast<unsigned short int>(-1)

Friends
std::ostream &	operator<< (std::ostream &os, const ElementData &data)

std::istream &	operator>> (std::istream &is, ElementData &data)

Member Enumeration Documentation

◆ Young_Modulus

enum ElementData::Young_Modulus

This enum provides names for possible Young's modulus calculations.

Enumerator
Sigrist	Sigrist, 2006.
Pow	another power law
Exp	exponential law

Constructor & Destructor Documentation

◆ ElementData() [1/2]

ElementData::ElementData ( const unsigned short int & in_ID )

◆ ElementData() [2/2]

ElementData::ElementData ( const ElementData & cc )

Member Function Documentation

◆ checkVolContent()

bool ElementData::checkVolContent ( )

Check volumetric content.

Version: 11.01

Returns: sum of volumetric contents (1)

◆ coldContent()

double ElementData::coldContent ( ) const

Computes cold content of an element, taking meltfreeze_tk as reference.

Version: 10.08

Returns: Cold content (J m-2)

◆ concaveNeckRadius()

double ElementData::concaveNeckRadius ( ) const

A non-generic function to compute the concave neck radius (mm).
It is assumed that the neck is bound by a sphere fitting between the two grains side by side such as the sphere goes to RB from the axis (this is a quick and dirty approximation)

Author: Mathias Bavay

Version: 9.mm

Returns: Concave neck radius (mm)

◆ extinction()

double ElementData::extinction ( ) const

Density dependent extinction coefficient -> Michi's magic trick... out of his magic hat.

Version: 9Y.mm

Returns: Density dependent extinction coefficient (m-1)

◆ getSnowType()

unsigned short int ElementData::getSnowType ( ) const

Determine the type of snow
First revisited by Fierz and Bellaire 2006 and 2007 TODO needs to be adapted to international classification.

Version: 11.11

Returns: snow type code according to old-fashioned Swiss tradition

◆ getYoungModule()

double ElementData::getYoungModule	(	const double &	rho_slab,
		const Young_Modulus &	model
	)

static

◆ heatCapacity()

void ElementData::heatCapacity ( )

Computes heat capacity of an element based on volumetric contents.

Version: 11.01 set the effective heat capacity (J kg-1 K-1)

◆ neck2VolumetricStrain()

double ElementData::neck2VolumetricStrain ( ) const

Relates the neck strain to the global volumetric strain.

Version: 11.01

Returns: Macro factor (1)

◆ neckLength()

double ElementData::neckLength ( ) const

Computes the neck (or bond) length (mm)

Version: 11.01

Returns: Neck length (mm)

◆ neckStressEnhancement()

double ElementData::neckStressEnhancement ( ) const

Computes the enhancement of hydrostatically applied stress (overburden) in the necks (or bonds)

Version: 11.01

Returns: Enhancement factor for neck stress (1))

◆ operator=()

ElementData & ElementData::operator= ( const ElementData & )

default

Assignement operator.

◆ opticalEquivalentGrainSize()

void ElementData::opticalEquivalentGrainSize ( )

Opical equivalent grain size
CROCUS implementation as described in Vionnet et al., 2012. The detailed snowpack scheme Crocus and its implementation in SURFEX v7.2, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 773-791, 10.5194/gmd-5-773-2012. (see section 3.6)

◆ snowElasticity()

double ElementData::snowElasticity ( ) const

SNOW ELASTICITY : This important routine was programmed by Marc Christen, who took it directly from Mellor's famous 1975 paper on SNOW MECHANICS in the GRINDLEWALD symposium. Dimensions are in [Pa]. (Presently, it is NOT temperature dependent.)

Version: 9Y.mm

Returns: Module of elasticity (Pa)

◆ snowResidualWaterContent() [1/2]

void ElementData::snowResidualWaterContent ( )

◆ snowResidualWaterContent() [2/2]

double ElementData::snowResidualWaterContent ( const double & theta_i )

static

Estimate the residual water content RWC by Vol
From work by Coleou and Lesaffre, 1998, Ann. Glaciol., 26, 64-68.
Experimental range:

density unsoaked: 235 to 580
density soaked: 328 to 589 kg m-3
RWC by Mass 0.049 to 0.029
Note
That function will limit range to 0.0264 to 0.08 RWC by Vol

Version
11.01

Parameters

[in] theta_i ice volumetric fraction

Returns
residual water content of snow element (1)

◆ snowType() [1/2]

void ElementData::snowType ( )

◆ snowType() [2/2]

unsigned short int ElementData::snowType	(	const double &	dendricity,
		const double &	sphericity,
		const double &	grain_dia,
		const unsigned short int &	marker,
		const double &	theta_w,
		const double &	res_wat_cont_loc
	)

static

◆ soilFieldCapacity()

double ElementData::soilFieldCapacity ( ) const

Field Capacity Soil is dependent on grain properties. This nice formulation is based on some tedious curve fitting by Martina Luetschg. The data stems from Scheffer und Schachtschabel (Richtwerte Baugrund), which once more proves that "nomen est omen". If my name was "Schachtschabel", I would never ever be dealing with wet soils and Baugrund. For the USDA soil classes used if Richards equation is used, the field capacity is obtained using the Saxton formula (K.E. Saxton et al., 1986, Estimating generalized soil-water characteristics from texture. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 50(4):1031-1036) and defined in the VG class.

Author: Michael Lehning & Adrien michel

Version: 9Y.mm

Returns: Soil field capacity (-)

◆ soilRelativeHumidity()

double ElementData::soilRelativeHumidity ( ) const

soilRelativeHumidity

Author: Margaux Couttet and Nander Wever

Relative humidity in soil. The formulation is based on Saito et al., 2006 "Numerical analysis of coupled water vapor and heat transport in the vadose zone". Calculated from the pressure head using a thermodynamic relationship between liquid water and water vapor in soil pores (Philip and de Vries, 1957)

Parameters

Edata	element data
Temperature	temperature (K)

Returns: Soil relative humidity (-)

◆ toString()

const std::string ElementData::toString ( ) const

◆ updDensity()

void ElementData::updDensity ( )

Updates element density.

Version: 17.12

Friends And Related Function Documentation

◆ operator<<

std::ostream & operator<<	(	std::ostream &	os,
		const ElementData &	data
	)

friend

◆ operator>>

std::istream & operator>>	(	std::istream &	is,
		ElementData &	data
	)

friend

Member Data Documentation

◆ c

std::vector<double> ElementData::c

For example, specific heat of TEMPERATURE field (J kg-1 K-1)

◆ C

double ElementData::C

Total Element Stress (Pa), C being the real or the Cauchy stress, which is output.

◆ CDot

double ElementData::CDot

Stress rate (Pa s-1), that is the overload change rate.

◆ conc

mio::Array2D<double> ElementData::conc

Concentration for chemical constituents in (kg m-3)

◆ crit_cut_length

double ElementData::crit_cut_length

Critical cut length (m)

◆ dd

double ElementData::dd

snow dendricity: 0 = none, 1 = newsnow

◆ depositionDate

mio::Date ElementData::depositionDate

Date of deposition.

◆ dEps

double ElementData::dEps

◆ dsm

double ElementData::dsm

Dry snow metamorphism factor.

◆ dth_w

double ElementData::dth_w

Subsurface Melting & Freezing Data: change of water content.

◆ E

double ElementData::E

Young's modulus of elasticity (Pa)

◆ Eps

double ElementData::Eps

◆ Eps_Dot

double ElementData::Eps_Dot

◆ Eps_e

double ElementData::Eps_e

◆ Eps_v

double ElementData::Eps_v

Total element strain (GREEN'S strains – TOTAL LAGRANGIAN FORMULATION): Eps_e is elastic and Eps_v is viscous.

◆ Eps_vDot

double ElementData::Eps_vDot

Total Strain Rate, elastic and viscous, respectively (s-1) (Simply, Eps/sn_dt)

◆ gradT

double ElementData::gradT

temperature gradient over element (K m-1)

◆ h

double ElementData::h

capillary pressure head (m)

◆ hard

double ElementData::hard

Parameterized hand hardness (1)

◆ ID

unsigned short int ElementData::ID

Element ID used to track elements.

◆ k

std::vector<double> ElementData::k

For example, heat conductivity of TEMPERATURE field (W m-1 K-1)

◆ L

double ElementData::L

Original and present element thickness (m)

◆ L0

double ElementData::L0

◆ lwc_source

double ElementData::lwc_source

Source/sink term for Richards equation (m^3/m^3 / timestep)

◆ M

double ElementData::M

the total mass of the element (kg m-2)

◆ meltfreeze_tk

double ElementData::meltfreeze_tk

melt/freeze temperature of layer (principally initialized as 0 degC, but enables possibility for freezing point depression)

◆ metamo

double ElementData::metamo

keep track of metamorphism

◆ mk

size_t ElementData::mk

grain marker (history dependent)

◆ N3

double ElementData::N3

grain Coordination number (1)

◆ noID

const unsigned short int ElementData::noID = static_cast<unsigned short int>(-1)

static

◆ ogs

double ElementData::ogs

optical equivalent grain size (mm)

◆ PrefFlowArea

double ElementData::PrefFlowArea

Preferential flow path relative area (-)

◆ ps2rb

double ElementData::ps2rb

proportion of grain bond growth due to pressure sintering (1)

◆ QIntmf

double ElementData::QIntmf

Apparent change in internal energy due to phase change (caused by difference in heat capacity of water and ice)

◆ Qmf

double ElementData::Qmf

Subsurface Melting & Freezing Data: change of energy due to phase changes (melt-freeze)

◆ Qmm

double ElementData::Qmm

Heat source/sink due to phase changes in the case of vapor transport (W/m^3)

◆ Qph_down

double ElementData::Qph_down

Heat source/sink due to phase changes for the heat equation (W/m^3), at the lower node of the element.

◆ Qph_up

double ElementData::Qph_up

Heat source/sink due to phase changes for the heat equation (W/m^3), at the upper node of the element.

◆ rb

double ElementData::rb

grain bond radius (mm)

◆ res_wat_cont

double ElementData::res_wat_cont

Residual water content.

◆ rg

double ElementData::rg

grain radius (mm)

◆ Rho

double ElementData::Rho

mean element density (or BULK density; kg m-3), that is, rho=M/V=sum( theta(i)*rho(i) )

◆ rhov

double ElementData::rhov

vapor density...(kg/m^3)

◆ rime

double ElementData::rime

Rime index.

◆ S

double ElementData::S

Total Element Stress (Pa), S being the energy conjugate stress.

◆ S_dr

double ElementData::S_dr

Stability Index based on deformation rate (Direct Action Avalanching)

◆ s_strength

double ElementData::s_strength

Parameterized snow shear strength (kPa)

◆ salinity

double ElementData::salinity

bulk salinity (PSU, which is g/kg)

◆ SlopeParFlux

double ElementData::SlopeParFlux

Slope parallel flux (m^3/m^3 * m / timestep)

◆ soil

std::vector<double> ElementData::soil

Contains the heat conductivity, capacity and dry density of the soil (solid, non-ice) component phase.

◆ sp

double ElementData::sp

sphericity: 1 = round, 0 = angular

◆ sw_abs

double ElementData::sw_abs

total absorbed shortwave radiation by the element (W m-2)

◆ Te

double ElementData::Te

mean element temperature (K)

◆ theta

std::vector<double> ElementData::theta

volumetric contents: SOIL, ICE, WATER, WATER_PREF, AIR (1)

◆ theta_i_reservoir

double ElementData::theta_i_reservoir

Volumetric ice content in ice reservoir (1)

◆ theta_i_reservoir_cumul

double ElementData::theta_i_reservoir_cumul

Volumetric ice content in cumulated ice reservoir (1)

◆ theta_w_transfer

double ElementData::theta_w_transfer

Volumetric content of water transferred from preferential flow to matrix domain (1)

◆ type

unsigned short int ElementData::type

grain class

◆ vapTrans_cumulativeDenChange

double ElementData::vapTrans_cumulativeDenChange

cumulative density change in the case of vapor transport (kg/m^3)

◆ vapTrans_fluxDiff

double ElementData::vapTrans_fluxDiff

vapor dissusion flux in the case of vapor transport (W/m^2/s)

◆ vapTrans_snowDenChangeRate

double ElementData::vapTrans_snowDenChangeRate

snow density change rate in the case of vapor transport (kg/m^3/s)

◆ vapTrans_underSaturationDegree

double ElementData::vapTrans_underSaturationDegree

the degree of undersaturation, (rhov-rohv_sat)/rhov_sat (-)

◆ VG

vanGenuchten ElementData::VG

Van Genuchten Model for water retention.

The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:

Detailed Description

Public Types

Public Member Functions

Static Public Member Functions

Public Attributes

Static Public Attributes

Friends

Member Enumeration Documentation

◆ Young_Modulus

Constructor & Destructor Documentation

◆ ElementData() [1/2]

◆ ElementData() [2/2]

Member Function Documentation

◆ checkVolContent()

◆ coldContent()

◆ concaveNeckRadius()

◆ extinction()

◆ getSnowType()

◆ getYoungModule()

◆ heatCapacity()

◆ neck2VolumetricStrain()

◆ neckLength()

◆ neckStressEnhancement()

◆ operator=()

◆ opticalEquivalentGrainSize()

◆ snowElasticity()

◆ snowResidualWaterContent() [1/2]

◆ snowResidualWaterContent() [2/2]

◆ snowType() [1/2]

◆ snowType() [2/2]

◆ soilFieldCapacity()

◆ soilRelativeHumidity()

◆ toString()

◆ updDensity()

Friends And Related Function Documentation

◆ operator<<

◆ operator>>

Member Data Documentation

◆ c

◆ C

◆ CDot

◆ conc

◆ crit_cut_length

◆ dd

◆ depositionDate

◆ dEps

◆ dsm

◆ dth_w

◆ E

◆ Eps

◆ Eps_Dot

◆ Eps_e

◆ Eps_v

◆ Eps_vDot

◆ gradT

◆ h

◆ hard

◆ ID

◆ k

◆ L

◆ L0

◆ lwc_source

◆ M

◆ meltfreeze_tk

◆ metamo

◆ mk

◆ N3

◆ noID

◆ ogs

◆ PrefFlowArea

◆ ps2rb

◆ QIntmf

◆ Qmf

◆ Qmm

◆ Qph_down

◆ Qph_up

◆ rb

◆ res_wat_cont

◆ rg

◆ Rho